ABSTRACT
Follicular lymphoma is an indolent malignant tumor originating from lymph nodes and lymphoid tissues, which may affect the patients' quality of survival due to the recurrence and progression. In recent years, with the deepening understand of the molecular biology and signaling pathways, many new targeted drugs for follicular lymphoma have been discovered, such as monoclonal antibodies, checkpoint inhibitors, epigenetic regulation related targeted therapies and signaling pathway inhibitors. In this review, the new progress of immunotherapy for follicular lymphoma is summarized briefly.
Subject(s)
Humans , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Epigenesis, Genetic , Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use , Immunotherapy , Lymphoma, Follicular/drug therapyABSTRACT
Epigenetic modification is closely related to the occurrence and development of tumors. It mainly regulates gene function and expression level through DNA methylation, histone modification, regulation of non-coding RNA and chromatin structure reconstruction. At present, epigenetic drugs have been gradually applied to the treatment of malignant tumors. Common drug types include: DNA methyltransferase inhibitors and histone deacetylase inhibitors. However, these drugs still have many shortcomings and a wide range of clinical applications need further research. Encouragingly, the epigenetic drugs in combination with various anti-tumor drugs have shown great application potential. In this paper, we summarized the development mechanism of epigenetics in malignant tumors and the progress of related drugs.
ABSTRACT
Resumen El ácido valproico es un fármaco antiepiléptico con más de 50 años de uso clínico. En la década pasada se descubrieron sus efectos anticancerígenos. El análisis de grupos de pacientes que utilizaron este fármaco durante años ha mostrado que disminuye la frecuencia de cáncer de cabeza y cuello. Estudios recientes evidencian el efecto anticáncer al combinar el ácido valproico con la quimioterapia, terapia biológica e inhibidores de sistemas antioxidantes, con resultados excepcionales. En esta revisión se analiza el metabolismo del ácido valproico y su aplicación contra el cáncer.
Abstract Valproic acid is an antiepileptic drug with more than 50 years of clinical use. In the past decade, its anticancer effects were discovered. Analyses in groups of patients who used this drug for years have shown that it decreases the frequency of head and neck cancer. Recent studies show the anticancer effect of combining valproic acid with chemotherapy, biological therapy and antioxidant systems inhibitors, with exceptional results. In this review, we analyze the metabolism of valproic acid and its application against cancer.
Subject(s)
Humans , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/administration & dosage , Valproic Acid/administration & dosage , Neoplasms/drug therapy , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology , Valproic Acid/pharmacology , Head and Neck Neoplasms/drug therapy , Anticonvulsants/administration & dosage , Anticonvulsants/pharmacology , Neoplasms/pathologyABSTRACT
Epigenetics is the main mechanism that controls transcription of specific genes with no changes in the underlying DNA sequences. Epigenetic alterations lead to abnormal gene expression patterns that contribute to carcinogenesis and persist throughout disease progression. Because of the reversible nature, epigenetic modifications emerge as promising anticancer drug targets. Several compounds have been developed to reverse the aberrant activities of enzymes involved in epigenetic regulation, and some of them show encouraging results in both preclinical and clinical studies. In this article, we comprehensively review the up-to-date roles of epigenetics in the development and progression of prostate cancer. We especially focus on three epigenetic mechanisms: DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNAs. We elaborate on current models/theories that explain the necessity of these epigenetic programs in driving the malignant phenotypes of prostate cancer cells. In particular, we elucidate how certain epigenetic regulators crosstalk with critical biological pathways, such as androgen receptor (AR) signaling, and how the cooperation dynamically controls cancer-oriented transcriptional profiles. Restoration of a 'normal' epigenetic landscape holds promise as a cure for prostate cancer, so we concluded by highlighting particular epigenetic modifications as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers or new therapeutic targets for treatment of the disease.
ABSTRACT
Bladder cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide, with a high rate of recurrence and poor outcomes as a result of relapse. Bladder cancer patients require lifelong invasive monitoring and treatment, making bladder cancer one of the most expensive malignancies. Lines of evidence increasingly point to distinct genetic and epigenetic alteration patterns in bladder cancer, even between the different stages and grades of disease. In addition, genetic and epigenetic alterations have been demonstrated to play important roles during bladder tumorigenesis. This review will focus on bladder cancer-associated genomic and epigenomic alterations, which are common in bladder cancer and provide potential diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for bladder cancer treatment.
Subject(s)
Humans , Carcinogenesis , DNA Methylation , Epigenomics , Recurrence , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms , Urinary BladderABSTRACT
A epigenética compreende um conjunto de mecanismos que promovem a regulação da expressão gênica a nível transcricional através de modificações químicas no DNA e na cromatina, como metilação, acetilação e fosforilação, que resultam na conseqüente mudança fenotípica do indivíduo sem, no entanto, ocorrer nenhuma alteração na seqüência do DNA. Essas modificações químicas no DNA são constantemente feitas e desfeitas durante toda a vida do indivíduo, exceto para marcações químicas constitutivas que são herdadas geneticamente, visto que freqüentemente os indivíduos entram em contato com agentes promotores desses fenômenos durante a vida. Alterações nos padrões epigenéticos promovendo a expressão aberrante ou o silenciamento de determinados genes podem aparecer em organismos com idade avançada, e em uma ampla variedade de eventos e patologias como no câncer, na inativação do cromossomo X, no imprinting genômico, e em diversas síndromes de ordem neurológica e de prejuízo no desenvolvimento motor. Desse modo, busca-se atualmente o desenvolvimento de drogas que possuem a capacidade de reverter as marcações químicas alteradas em regiões específicas do genoma relacionadas a determinadas doenças. Uma maior compreensão desse universo da epigenética associada com suas implicações aos estados fisiológicos normais e patológicos mostra-se como uma grande promessa nessa era molecular, para o desenvolvimento de ferramentas profiláticas, diagnósticas e terapêuticas de uma ampla variedade de doenças.
Epigenetics includes several mechanisms that promote the gene expression regulation at transcriptional level through chemical changes in DNA and chromatin, such as methylation, acetylation and phosphorylation, resulting in phenotypic change without no changes occur in the DNA sequence. These DNA chemical changes are constantly made and unmade throughout the individual life, except for constitutive chemical markings that are genetically inherited, because often people are in contact with agents that promote these phenomens during their lifes. Changes in epigenetic patterns promoting aberrant expression or gene silencing may appear in aged organisms, and in a wide variety of events and conditions such as cancer, X chromosome inactivation in genomic imprinting, and in various neurological and motor development syndromes. Thus, seek currently drugs development that have the ability to reverse altered chemical markings in specific regions of the genome related to certain diseases. A greater understanding of the epigenetic universe associated with its implications to normal physiological and pathological states, it is a great promise in molecular era to development of prophylactic, diagnostic and therapeutic tools of a wide variety of diseases.